Why do some building projects run like clockwork, while others seem to go on and on, encumbered by delays, additional costs, and infighting? The owner has ultimate responsibility for a project’s success, and the difference is in the way they manage the process. Knowing the key players, their roles, and how each is a benefit to you helps everyone achieve success on a project. Here are seven precepts to follow when considering your relationship to others and how it can impact the growth and completion of your next project.
1. Active Owner Management is Essential
Successfully completing a capital project takes more than hiring a good architect and a good contractor. Both are essential, but no project can succeed without the active guidance and participation of the building owner at every step of the process. Owners who are accustomed to undertaking significant improvement projects—say $5M and up in construction cost—understand this, and have knowledgeable staff and consultants dedicated to the project from day one.
It is often a full-time job for a coordinator within the owner’s ranks, who will follow the project, manage information and direction on behalf of the organization, liaise with the project team, and report problems back to management. For major projects, organizations often hire outside project management consultants to advise them and take on some of the generic management tasks. However, these consultants should never be considered a replacement for active, in-house owner involvement.
2. Understand Who Does What
Hiring a team of qualified professionals to design and construct the project is a baseline requirement. However, before anyone is brought on board, owners should educate themselves about the typical roles and interplay between the core project team members, and who is responsible for what. This is key to understanding the process, holding team members accountable, maintaining harmony across the project team, and building trust (or, conversely, to identifying bad apples).
Under the traditional design-bid-build project delivery model, there is a clear distinction in responsibilities between the design and construction phases of the project. The architect leads the project during the design phase and is responsible for laying out the necessary steps to gather initial information, develop the design, and obtain design approval from the owner and regulatory authorities.
The resulting design documents describe the project in sufficient detail to convey its general scope and design intent. The contractor leads the process from that point forward and is responsible for assembling the construction team and managing their efforts to complete the project within the agreed-upon time and budget. The design team remains involved to verify that the contractor’s interpretation of the design documents is consistent with the design intent, and to address changes and field issues as they arise.
Standard AIA contracts can be referenced for more detail regarding the typical responsibilities of the owner, architect, and contractor under a variety of project delivery methods. Of course, the contracts executed for the project will ultimately define those responsibilities.
3. Be Clear About Purposes and Programming
Collaborators need an owner’s input in order to design and build a project that meets their needs. If owners clearly define their objectives at each stage of the process, the project can proceed efficiently, with less room for misunderstandings. This sometimes involves resolving differences of opinion within the owner’s own camp before it’s possible to provide direction to the project team.
This clarity is particularly important at the onset of the project, before an owner’s needs are manifested in the design. Architects need to know what you are looking to achieve in the project before they can begin design. This could range from simply stating a broad objective, such as expanding the building to accommodate a new program, or it might be a more developed brief describing the size of the project, qualitative objectives, number and types of rooms, budget, and anticipated schedule. The greater degree of definition in the latter case reflects the work done to get to that point, which informs the work going forward.
As the design progresses, and on into construction, a myriad of new information will come to light requiring the owner’s evaluation. Who will make those decisions? Owners need to work out their in-house decision-making hierarchy so that answers can be rendered efficiently and succinctly. Ideally, the owner would identify a primary point of contact responsible for coordinating responses, through which all owner decisions would flow.
4. Insist on a Roadmap
Designing and constructing a building project involves orchestrating many interrelated, overlapping processes. Doing it efficiently requires identifying the critical path, which is the sequence of specific tasks, each one dependent on the previous, that defines the length of the project. Following a detailed project schedule is the only way to complete a project on time and within budget.
The owner should insist that their architect and contractor create, maintain, and share a detailed project schedule throughout the design and construction phases, respectively. A well-developed schedule provides insight to the project team as to upcoming tasks, facilitating a coordinated effort, and as such it should be reviewed regularly with the project team. The schedule is dynamic and must be maintained as circumstances change to remain a relevant and useful tool.
5. Recognize Unsung Partners
Every project involves working with external entities who have an interest in the project, each with their unique motivations and leverage over the building’s success. To avoid project delays, their needs must be anticipated and met in a timely fashion. These parties include:
- Abutting owners. Abutting property owners are often impacted by construction projects, particularly in urban environments. The design of the building may impact their light, views, and privacy, and its construction will likely have adverse, if temporary, effects on their quality of life. Reaching out to them early to discuss the project is the neighborly thing to do, but if you need access over their property for any project-related reason, then it is critical. Such access is required when new construction abuts a neighboring property line for installing fencing, protection, and finishes facing their property. In New York City, neighboring owners cannot unreasonably deny access for such purposes; however, access agreements often need to be negotiated specifying the conditions of access and any associated compensation for loss of beneficial use of their property. These negotiations can take months and, if not properly planned and budgeted for, can delay the project.
- Local community members. If the project requires a variance or other discretionary review, the community’s opinion can have a large influence on the outcome. Community engagement is typically required during the design stages of such projects as part of the municipality’s approval process. Design changes in response to community feedback are often required to gain the community board’s approval. Savvy owners will conduct outreach to community groups in advance of community board hearings and make adjustments to the design so it satisfies community concerns going in.
- Government agencies. It is critical to understand the requirements and protocols of the government agencies that have jurisdiction over the project, as they will inevitably have an influence over the project schedule and budget. Projects of any significant size require permits from the local building official before construction can begin. Before permits can be issued, the architect must first gain approval of the design from the municipality by demonstrating that it complies with zoning laws, the building code, and other applicable regulations. Inspections and reporting are required at appropriate stages during construction, which must be tracked as the work progresses to ensure all requirements are met. A final accounting of the design, all required inspections, and agency signoffs are required before the project can be closed out at the building department.
6. Stay Involved
Some owners fall into the trap of thinking that because they hired an architect, contractor, and management consultant to run the project for them, they have their bases covered. Indeed, trust between the parties is a very important factor in successful projects; however, none of those team members has the same motivation or resoluteness to complete the project as the owner does. Ultimately, the owner sets the tone and chemistry among the project team members, and acts as referee when conflicts inevitably arise.
Successful owners educate themselves about the process and proactively manage the flow of information and the responsibilities of the respective parties, to mitigate problems. Owners who remain detached and delegate key responsibilities wholly to others can expect to be refereeing bigger, more complicated conflicts that have the potential to delay or derail their project.
The process of designing and constructing a building project is dynamic, with a variety of factors influencing its trajectory over time. Smart owners know the importance of remaining engaged and driving the process to achieve the best result.
About the author
James D. Seger, AIA, LEED AP, is Partner with PBDW Architects. He has been practicing architecture for over 25 years. His expertise covers a wide range of projects, from large-scale office towers to modest institutional buildings. Seger joined PBDW Architects in 1998. He has been in charge of a number of notable projects, including the adaptive reuse of a Landmark townhouse as a lower school building for the Spence School, a new 11-story residential building on 110th Street and Broadway, and feasibility and planning studies for the National Academy of Design, Central Synagogue, and Equinox. Seger received a Bachelor of Architecture from Mississippi State University.
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